On 18 February 2020, the European Commission once published Regulation (EU) 2020/217 to amend the EU CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, which classified titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (in powder form containing 1% or more of particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) as a carcinogen via inhalation exposure, which applied from 1 October 2021.

On 20 September 2021, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) published a guide on the classification and labelling of mixtures containing titanium dioxide.

Various manufacturers, importers, downstream users and suppliers of titanium dioxide challenged that classification and labelling before the General Court of the European Union. On 23 November 2022, the General Court published a judgment to annul the classification and labelling, considering a manifest error had been made in the assessment of the acceptability and reliability of a scientific study on which the classification had been based. France and the Commission appealed to the Court of Justice.

On 1 August 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) upheld the General Court Judgement to annul the classification. On 29 August 2025, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) removed the guidance on classifying and labelling titanium dioxide from its website accordingly.

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